Brian Lindgren

The EV

The EV is a digital-acoustic string instrument designed to unify the nuance of bowed performance with advanced synthesis. At its core, the EV uses FFT convolution to merge a synthesized signal with an acoustic string signal, creating a hybrid instrument that blurs the boundaries between physical and virtual sound.

Design Philosophy

The instrument takes a unique approach to string augmentation, with convolution of synthesized and acoustic signals as the foundation of its design. Through an iterative hardware and software development process, three versions of the instrument have been created, each building toward a robust compositional and performative platform for exploring the shared boundary of electronic and acoustic sound.

Technical Features

Recognition

The EV was a semi-finalist in the 2022 Guthman Musical Instrument Competition.

Performances

The EV has been performed at:

Research & Presentations

The EV has been presented at:

Lindgren’s research on the EV has been published in Organised Sound, examining spatial digital instrument design and situating the instrument within broader conversations about embodiment and virtuality in contemporary computer music.

Evolution of the EV

The EV has evolved through an iterative development process, with each version addressing specific challenges while building toward a robust platform for exploring digital-acoustic sound. The instrument emerged from a desire to create an electronic musical instrument for string players that retained the sense of embodiment and detailed nuance of sound generation that string players are accustomed to.

EV 1 began as a retrofitted acoustic viola, serving as an initial foray into the project. Using conductive sensors embedded in the fingerboard to track finger position and a custom quadrophonic pickup, it successfully demonstrated the creative potential of convolving acoustic and synthesized signals. The studio album Etudes & Vignettes marked a pivotal juncture in EV 1’s development, proving its potential for the composition and synthesis of compelling new digital-acoustic sound. The album NUAGES represented another important milestone, functioning as a studio composition that further explored the instrument’s timbral palette. Despite these successes, EV 1 faced significant limitations: pitch data would drift over time, electrical connections were unreliable, and persistent crosstalk between strings hindered performance.

EV 1 with external boxes housing a quad preamp & Arduino Mega for ADC EV 1 with external boxes housing a quad preamp & Arduino Mega for ADC

EV 2 embraced digital fabrication with a custom 3D-printed body designed in Autodesk Fusion 360, incorporating a carbon fiber rod for structural reinforcement. The adoption of printed circuit boards and a Bela single-board computer (offering 16-bit resolution at 22.05 kHz) dramatically improved reliability. A custom infrared pickup was designed to eliminate crosstalk, and conductive PLA strips replaced the earlier graphite mixture. EV 2’s increased stability led to its presentation at the NIME 2022 conference and its recognition as a semi-finalist at the 2022 Guthman Musical Instrument Competition. This newfound stability also enabled pandemic-era performances such as the Experimental Sound Studio Quarantine Concerts and created room to experiment with other media, resulting in Wall of Doubt, which uses control data from the instrument to control a GPU shader. While EV 2 represented major progress—becoming stable enough for live performance with noticeably reduced latency—new challenges emerged: string-to-sensor contact remained inconsistent, neck flexion affected the action, and crosstalk persisted.

EV 2 with external box housing a quad preamp & Bela single board computer for ADC EV 2 with external box housing a quad preamp & Bela single board computer for ADC

EV 2 quad IR pickup EV 2 quad IR pickup

EV 2.5 refined the design with tough PLA for increased stiffness and a more robust carbon fiber support structure. The breakthrough came with conductive rubber strips that could “hug” the string, improving electrical contact. The crosstalk issue was finally resolved by switching from a hex inverter to an op-amp design, and adjusting the infrared pickup angle to 60 degrees dramatically reduced the noise floor. A major advancement was the implementation of zero-crossing pitch detection, eliminating calibration needs and rendering the conductive strips obsolete. The software expanded considerably, adding third-order ambisonic spatialization, a preset system with 396 parameters per string, grain delay, buffer freeze effects, and multichannel processing across six cores. The further refinements of EV 2.5 allowed Etudes & Vignettes to be performed live at the SEAMUS conference and provided the flexibility to begin experimenting with ambisonic spatialization as part of the instrument’s synthesis palette, resulting in the composition Daughter of the Stars, premiered at EMPAC at the International Conference on Auditory Display. This work is detailed in the Organised Sound article “Exploration of Spatial Composition with a New Electronic Stringed Instrument”. The solidification of the Pure Data architecture in EV 2.5 is documented in “An Augmented String Instrument Architecture Created with Pure Data”, presented at PdMaxCon25~. This more robust palette has allowed for the continued expansion of the instrument, including the RAVE neural synthesis variational autoencoder, demonstrated at the NeurIPS 2025 Music and AI Workshop. With latency reduced to 27ms and reliable stage performance achieved, EV 2.5 realized the vision first imagined in EV 1.

EV 2.5 with external box housing a quad preamp & Bela single board computer for ADC EV 2.5 with external box housing a quad preamp & Bela single board computer for ADC

EV 3, currently in development, will be self-contained with four Bela Minis providing onboard processing (one per string), eliminating the need for a laptop. The body will be CNC-machined from curly maple rather than 3D-printed plastic, offering a smooth neck surface and superior structural integrity. Expected improvements include sub-2ms latency and enhanced signal-to-noise ratio through the use of delta-sigma converters. The software is being ported to an efficiency-oriented C++ version to maximize the embedded platform’s capabilities.

EV 3 featuring a CNC-cut curly maple body and 4 Bela minis for onboard processing EV 3 featuring a CNC-cut curly maple body and 4 Bela minis for onboard processing

Related Papers & Presentations